11.2 - ibbriner

11.2 - Movement

DCS Topic Code	Statement	Guidance
11.2.U1	Bones and exoskeletons provide anchorage for muscles and act as levers.
11.2.U2	Synovial joints allow certain movements but not others.
11.2.U3	Movement of the body requires muscles to work in antagonistic pairs.
11.2.U4	Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleate and contain specialized endoplasmic reticulum.
11.2.U5	Muscle fibres contain many myofibrils.
11.2.U6	Each myofibril is made up of contractile sarcomeres.
11.2.U7	The contraction of the skeletal muscle is achieved by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.
11.2.U8	ATP hydrolysis and cross bridge formation are necessary for the filaments to slide.
11.2.U9	Calcium ions and the proteins tropomyosin and troponin control muscle contractions.
11.2.A1	Antagonistic pairs of muscles in an insect leg.
11.2.S1	Annotation of a diagram of the human elbow.	Elbow diagram should include cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, named bones and named antagonistic muscles.
11.2.S2	Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere.	Drawing labelled diagrams of the structure of a sarcomere should include Z lines, actin filaments, myosin filaments with heads, and the resultant light and dark bands.
11.2.S3	Analysis of electron micrographs to find the state of contraction of muscle fibres.	Measurement of the length of sarcomeres will require calibration of the eyepiece scale of the microscope.